Table 4 Impact of EV penetration on the grid under different charging scenarios
From: E-transportation: the role of embedded systems in electric energy transfer from grid to vehicle
Large EV penetration | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
Uncoordinated charging | • Easy to implement | • Inefficient distribution |
• Without substantial change in charging infrastructure | • Voltage deviation | |
• Fast charging can cause instability | ||
Coordinated smart charging | • Optimizing the charging process (minimum energy cost, maximum battery and transformers life, maximum customer satisfaction) | • Needs more intelligence to be added to the infrastructure |
• Limited efficiency without V2G | ||
Aggregation of EV to the grid | • All advantages of smart charging | • V2G realization is a challenge with enabling two-way communication and power flow |
• Adoption of renewable energies |