Table 1 Energy-harvesting sources
From: Implantable RF telemetry for cardiac monitoring in the murine heart: a tutorial review
Energy source | Performance | Note |
|---|---|---|
Ambient RF | <1 μ W/cm2 | A few mW with a short distance inductive coupled systems [21] |
Ambient light | 100 mW/cm2 (direct sunlight) | Assuming common polycrystalline solar cells at 16–17% |
100 μ W/cm2 (office light) | efficiency, while standard monocrystalline cells approach 20% at Δ T=5°C; typical thermoelectric generators ≤1% efficient for Δ T<40°C | |
Thermoelectric | 60 μ W/cm2 | at Δ T=5°C; typical thermoelectric generators ≤1% efficient for Δ T<40°C. |
Vibrational | 4 μ W/cm3 (human) | Predictions for 1 cm3 generators |
800 μ W/cm3 (machine) | ||
Ambient airflow | 1 mW/cm2 | Demonstrated in microelectromechanical turbine at 30 liters/min |
Push buttons | 50 μ J/N | MIT Media Lab Device |
Hand generator | 30 W/kg | Nissho Engineering’s Tug Power |
Heel strike | 10−800 μ W | 7 W potentially available (1 cm deflection at 70 kg per 1 Hz walk) |